# Serialisation formats

Serialization formats help to avoid messy custom grammars (though so do non-messy custom grammars), and are used extensively in computing – whenever there is a need to store data, to pass it from one program to another, to show it to or read it from a user.

Different formats come with their pros and cons, and often do affect the modules/structures one creates with an intent to serialize them – since the formats often lack a specified way to support some constructs (most notably, sum types), and their supported primitive types vary (e.g., unicode strings and binary data are not always supported, number representations are a mess). There is a Wikipedia comparison of data serialization formats, but I'd rather compare a different set of features here – the ones that seemed important to me at one point or another. Here they are:

Sum types
  Without those, one ends up with additional optional fields, which do not describe the structures precisely, or nested structures with different fields in top-level ones. Not expecting any advanced static typing from serialization formats, but a standard way to encode sum types is preferable.
Textual
  Readable and writable using regular text editing or processing tools (that could still include some control characters though), like sed, awk, grep, and text editors. Format-specific tools (akin to XML tools, JSON's jq, CSV's miller) do not count. A format cannot guarantee that the serialized data will be actually readable and writable (e.g., signatures or encrypted data, even base64-encoded data or Unix timestamps tend to be impractical for manual reading and writing), but some formats complicate it more than others.
Binary
  Ability to read and write data in a given format without explicit textual parsing, using basic memory operations. Usually good for efficiency, and often for simplicity, but likely to clash with textual representation.
Schemas
  Language-agnostic specifications such as XML DTD, RELAX NG, JSON schema, OpenAPI specification. The ones that can be used to describe and validate the data in a non-ambiguous and standard way, and preferably easily. Establishing the structures and their serialization is painful enough even without possible miscommunication.
Descriptive
  Field names are rather helpful for tasks such as manual editing or reading. A specification may be unavailable, and even if it is there – the names still provide a sort of textual UI, even if rather redundant. Comments are helpful, too, though they can be encoded as strings using regular constructs.
Primitive types
  Unicode (UTF-8) strings should be supported, and the rest is rather arguable. Integer and rational numbers are often used, but JSON gets away with just IEEE floating ones: parsers can (and do) fail if they get a non-integer number while expecting an integer. But in the same way, they could parse those numbers from strings, as they usually do with dates. Apparently syntactically distinguishing numbers from strings in serialized data is not particularly useful. Format specifications for such strings may be useful though, but then it is similar to an embedded serialization format.
Streaming
  Virtually any format with arrays (or lists) can be read lazily, turning those into streams, or multiple objects can be read in a loop. But additional conventions are needed (for appropriate flushing, for instance), and the used libraries should provide such functionality, at which point is must be a part of the standard anyway. So some means of streaming are expected in a standard.
Simplicity
  This is a property that is commonly desired, and is often understood differently. Fortunately, simplicity of a grammar can be more or less defined with Chomsky hierarchy, as well as with an apparent redundancy.

Since it is mostly about shades of gray, common formats are (rather subjectively) rated on the scale from 0 to 4:

| sum | txt | bin | sch | desc | prim | str | simp
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
json | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 2
yaml | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0
xml | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1
dsv | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3
posix | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1
s-exp | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2
n3 | - | 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3
cfg/bnf | 4 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4

Expanding on those:

JSON
  Allows different ways to encode sum types, but no standard way, so it's a mess. Actually that's a good [anti-]example of "less is more": by simply adding objects (which don't seem to be much more useful than alists) to something that would not be very different from s-expressions otherwise, encoding of more fundamental types can be made so much more awkward. It's textual and easily editable, its primitive types are pragmatic and not too bad. Streaming is not a part of the standard, and though the format is pretty simple, it's not as simple as some of the others.
YAML
  Introduces streams, but bloats types and syntax, so the simplicity goes away.
XML
  Primarily a markup language, so in some cases it is not particularly convenient, but machine-friendly, has a lot of tooling and things based on it. Suitable for streaming. Does not play nicely with standard unix tools (though very few do). Apparently plenty of effort was put into planning of XML and related technologies (starting from SGML). Similarly to JSON, provides different options for sum encoding. Unambiguous mixing of vocabularies (using namespaces) is useful sometimes.
DSV
  Can be seen as a 2-dimensional array, or as a mere tokenization helper. I think there's just one sane way to encode sum types with it (by providing a constructor name), and assuming that the types are just strings (or that it's simply not typed), it may seem pretty nice, simple, streaming- and processing-friendly. On the other hand, it needs additional conventions. Such conventions make DSV harder to compare to others, and some of the simplicity goes away as one tries to cram complex structures into it. Coalpit implements DSV with such conventions, as an example.
POSIX file format notation
  Relatively simple grammar, but the types are rather complex. It's not exactly a format, but perhaps a family of formats, which includes complex formats as well; so it isn't necessarily streaming- or editing-friendly, but may be.
S-expressions
  There's a draft from 1997, an attempt to standardise them, and it doesn't default to unicode strings.
N-Triples
  This is one of the RDF serialization formats, and RDF has a bunch of cool properties by itself. But for serialization of arbitrary data structures, it'd require to convert those into RDF first, so may not be very convenient if those additional properties are not needed. And this makes it hard to compare RDF serialization formats to general ones without more context.
ASN.1
  Seems to be used rarely, rather complicated, and more of a family of formats – so it's not rated here, but perhaps still worth mentioning.
Custom context-free languages, with (A/E)BNF
  Usually not listed among serialization formats, but simplifying/generalizing serialization formats may lead to these. Fairly widely known and supported, and a fine way to encode data. They tend to produce particularly clean data encodings, though an arbitrary programmer is more likely to manage to call a JSON parsing function (and maybe even grab correct values out of the resulting structures) than to parse a given context-free grammar, so in some cases it won't be suitable.

JSON was my go-to format for a while, but the situation with streaming and sum types is annoying. S-expressions would be more usable if they were standardised, and DSV has its pros and cons comparing to those. But maybe XML is good enough for most purposes. Regardless of serialisation format choice, it is always possible to mess up underlying data models, or to compose and serialise those in a sensible way,

## Format composition

It is entertaining to muse on making a format from scratch, and perhaps useful to consider the choices one would make if it was practical to compose such a format.

### Context-free grammars

I would try to pick a model for information encoding, before its serialization: to be generally useful, it should be least arbitrary. There is a few descriptive logics specifically for knowledge representation, and (G)ADTs usable with constructive/intuitionistic type theory and logic, which is usable as a foundateion of mathematics. There are alternatives, and they are tricky to compare, but I'm fairly certain that any decent model would be quite usable, even if not the only (or the best) solution to knowledge representation.

Then there's the rabbit hole of composing a language for all sorts of things (which is also exciting, but likely less practical; see "formal human languages" for more musings on that). So perhaps it is a good idea to just pick a seemingly practical logic.

The serialization itself should then be as simple as possible, according to Chomsky hierarchy, and with as few rules as possible. And preferably individual schemas should be extensible by different parties without conflicts and confusion (as done in XML and n-triples).

Out of the listed formats, JSON and YAML quite clearly don't fit the description, perhaps POSIX file format notation doesn't either; s-expressions, XML, n-triples, and possibly just DSV seem fairly close, or at least usable for pretending that they are.

At some point in 2022 I tried to sketch such a format, aiming ADTs encoded into DSV (akin to Coalpit, but with a basic specification instead of Haskell: relying on prefix notation with known/fixed arity), but that looked much like BNF. Since then context-free grammars with BNF are included into the comparison.

This reminds me of similarly simplifying and generalizing mathematical logic (proof assistance), producing metamath: similarly focusing on textual representation, and its rewriting. Likewise, rewriting systems are quite commonly (though often implicitly) used in programming and CS, and it might be interesting to attempt integrating those applications better than they commonly are combined. Also related are transition systems, action languages.

### Textual and binary

One can compose a format scoring well in the comparison table above by encoding algebraic data types using a format readable as both text and binary data, using fixed-length (powers of 2) textual strings for identifiers, hexadecimal numbers. Perhaps it can be made DSV-compatible by separating values with delimiters. ADTs would also provide a way to encode lists, though for optimization (and as a syntactic sugar) something akin to netstrings or quotation with escaping can be used. Compatibility with POSIX file format and s-expressions may be achievable in some cases.

### Simplified s-expressions

Turning s-expressions into a sort of parenthesized DSV (skipping things like references, explicit primitive datatypes other than arbitrary text runs, mixing symbols and strings together, only using quotation to deal with spaces, defaulting to UTF-8), they would look like this:

    (foo bar "baz \" ) . </text> qux" (1 2 3))

Instead of special syntax for strings with spaces, they could be grouped into lists (or even viewed as lists of characters, as done in some programming languages), rather similarly to use of texts within XML elements:

    (foo bar (baz " \) . </text> qux) (1 2 3))

If there is a schema (constructors are known, have fixed numbers of arguments), parentheses can be skipped, as done in Coalpit:

    foo bar "baz \" ) . </text> qux" cons 1 cons 2 cons 3 nil

Or:

    foo bar "baz \" ) . </text> qux" : 1 : 2 : 3 .

Putting those two together, omitting both parentheses and quotations:

    foo bar : baz " ) \. </text> qux . : 1 : 2 : 3 .

At which point lists are not necessary for encoding of strings with (unescaped) spaces: can generalize it to reading an arbitrary string value until there is a constructor that would allow to take another branch. That is, instead of "list a = : a list | .", "text a = <text> a </text>" would suffice and be more explicit, turning it into:

    foo bar <text> baz " ) . \</text> qux </text> : 1 : 2 : 3 .

Its XML version would have been:

    <foo>
      <bar/>
      <text> baz " ) . &lt;/text> qux </text>
      <:> 1 <:> 2 <:> 3 <./> </:> </:> </:>
    </foo>

Which is more verbose, but does not need a schema to parse. Conventional array encoding is different in XML though. And that can be converted into a sexp-like structure, akin to using SXML:

    (foo bar (text baz " \) . </text> qux) (: 1 (: 2 (: 3 .))))

If CDATA was used in XML, it would more closely translate into a quoted string in s-expressions. After all those conversions, arbitrary-length runs of tokens within parentheses are used for unstructured data (text runs) instead of arbitrary-length lists, for which regular constructors are used. But since the parser may not be aware of constructors, could as well use those for both, taking us back to an early simplification:

    (foo bar (baz " \) . </text> qux) (1 2 3))

Preservation of text formatting on parsing would be a little more tricky than with explicit strings, more like that with XML, yet the syntax becomes simpler. Quotation marks help to distinguish between runs that should be parsed and raw texts, similarly to type annotations. These text runs, which look like expressions, can be processed similarly to primitive types: perhaps provided by a parser as strings, to be parsed recursively. Explicit type annotations (e.g., `(uint32 3)`, `(string (foo bar))`) can be embedded into s-expressions as well.

It can also be approached the other way around, replacing parentheses with quotation marks (which is more idiomatic for DSVs), but that would require much more of awkward escaping for nested structures, while with parentheses escaping can be skipped if there is no risk of closing the outer expression unintentionally.

I drafted the grammar and a few implementations (C with Bison and flex, Haskell with attoparsec, Python with pyparsing) in the word-tree repository. The ABNF grammar follows:

    delimiter = " " | "\n"
    restricted-char = "(" | ")" | delimiter | "\"
    tree-or-val = "(" forest ")"
                | delimiter +
                | ("\" restricted-char | any-char - restricted-char) +
    forest = tree-or-val *

For its schema, since it has no types, I think it makes sense to focus on parsing alone, possibly using generic grammar descriptions, such as ABNF. This brings us back to the CFG option mentioned above, just with a grammar skeleton, which would allow to skip defining a proper parser in some cases.